Climax and Crisis of Armed Resistance
Author: Milan Spindler
Summer 1944 marked an initial high point of the Resistenza: thousands of new members joined the armed groups, and liberated areas emerged in several regions. Yet this upswing was not to last; it was soon followed by serious setbacks and a deep crisis in the winter of 1944/45. Organisational shortcomings, inadequate equipment, and the hardships of daily warfare posed immense challenges to the resistance. At the same time, the German occupiers and the Italian Fascists of the Repubblica sociale italiana (RSI) intensified their repression: through systematic violence, they sought to crush the resistance and destroy its social foundations.
Florence, Summer 1944 - The Symbolic Liberation of a Major City
One outstanding success of the Resistenza during this period was the liberation of Florence in August 1944. Here, the movement was able to prove that it could not only operate militarily underground, but was also capable of mobilising the support of the population and bringing the city under its control.