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The massacres

In our case studies, we focus on a selection of major massacres. We reconstruct the contexts and courses of action, name those responsible, and shed particular light on the subsequent investigations and trials – to the extent they took place – as well as on forms of recollection and commemoration.

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  • Aerial view of Bellona today. A small town in a sprawling green plain.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Bellona

    Date 05. - 15.10.1943
    Victims amount 76

    An attack by German soldiers on a family in Bellona on 6 October 1943 sparked a self-defence action by the family members. In reprisal, on 7 ...

  • A coloured bird’s eye view of the Albanese farmstead: The two-story stone building with the bright red roof lies in ruins. A staircase leads to the upper floor. Ranks of ivy grow on the walls.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Caiazzo

    Date 13.10.1943
    Sites Masseria Albanese, Masseria Massella
    Victims amount 22

    On the evening of October 13, 1943, during an American attack, Leutnant Wolfgang Lehnigk-Emden of the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division believed ...

  • The coloured photo shows Capistrello, a small town situated in a valley lined with mountains.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Capistrello

    Date 04.06.1944
    Victims amount 33

    Capistrello is a location in the Marsica region in the Liri Valley, east of Rome. Between late May and early June 1944, German troops moved ...

  • Cavriglia

    Date 04.07.1944
    Sites Meleto, Castelnuovo dei Sabbioni
    Victims amount 173

    In the early morning hours of 4 July 1944, soldiers of the ‘Hermann Göring’ division entered some villages in the Cavriglia commune. They ...

  • Several low stone houses stand along a driveway. One of the houses on the left side of the picture has a cross mounted on the roof and a rainbow flag with the inscription Peace attached to the house wall.
    © Elena Pirazzoli

    Cervarolo and Civago

    Date 20.03.1944
    Sites Cervarolo, Civago
    Victims amount 28

    Two days after the massacre at Monchio, the Reconnaissance battalion of the ‘Hermann Göring’ division continued its anti-partisan operations ...

  • In a hypogeum under a concrete slab, countless grey stone coffins stand side by side in long rows.
    © Elena Pirazzoli

    Fosse Ardeatine Massacre

    Date 24.03.1944
    Victims amount 335

    On 24 March 1944, 335 persons were shot to death in the caves of the Via Ardeatina near Rome. The operation was a reprisal for an attack by ...

  • The village of Civitella in Val di Chiana is situated along a road, surrounded by trees. A wooded, hilly landscape can be seen in the background.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Massacre at Civitella, Cornia and San Pancrazio

    Date 29.06.1944
    Sites Cornia, Civitella in Val di Chiana, San Pancrazio
    Victims amount 204

    In the summer of 1944 in the Arezzo province, German troops, especially from the 'Hermann Göring' Panzer Division, killed 744 people, ...

  • Three single-storey light brown stone buildings stand on a paved square on a green lawn. Hills and trees can be seen in the background.
    © Elena Pirazzoli

    Monchio, Susano and Costrignano

    Date 18.03.1944
    Sites Susano, Costrignano
    Victims amount 127

    In March 1944, the reconnaissance battalion of the ‘Hermann Göring’ Division received orders to secure the mountain passes in the northern ...

  • The photo shows a hilly mountain landscape: meadows and rugged slopes alternate with patches of forest. The sky is blue and cloudless, it seems to be early in the morning.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Monte Sole

    Date 29.09. - 05.10.1944
    Sites Cadotto, Caprara, San Martino di Caprara, Casaglia, Creda, Cerpiano, Pioppe di Salvaro, Ca’ Beguzzi, Roncadelli
    Victims amount 770

    On 29 and 30 Sept. 1944, the area between the Reno and Setta valleys in the Apennines near Bologna was the site of the worst massacre ...

  • Aerial view of a flat marshland interspersed with ponds, pools and a ditch. A single farmstead can be seen in the lower right corner of the picture.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Padule di Fucecchio

    Date 23.08.1944
    Sites Case Morette, Casa Silvestri, Casa Simoni, Podere La Bassa, Podere Le File
    Victims amount 175

    On 23 August 1944, the 26th Panzer Division conducted a 'mopping up' operation in the Fucecchio marshes with the stated goal of eliminating ...

  • The photo shows a hexagonal building with pink outer walls that resembles a chapel as well as the steps leading up to it from a low-angle perspective. Through the surrounding fog, the shapes of trees can be made out in the background.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Pietransieri

    Date 21.11.1943
    Sites Casolare Di Virgilio-Di Battista, Anito delle Lesche Limmari, Casolare d´Aloisio, Casolare d´Amico
    Victims amount 125

    In October 1943, the German 10th Army prepared evacuation plans for part of central Italy, so that no civilians would remain in the future ...

  • Villa Gigliosi stands between individual trees in a field. Several one- and two-storey buildings are grouped around a central courtyard.
    © Udo Gümpel

    San Polo

    Date 14.07.1944
    Sites Villa Mancini, Molin de´Falchi, Pietramala, Villa Gigliosi
    Victims amount 65

    During the interrogation of a captured deserter, officers of Grenadier Regiment 274 learned of a partisan hideout near Pietramala where ...

  • In the centre is the church of Sant'Anna di Stazzema, a light-coloured stone building with a red roof. The free-standing bell tower is square and has a stone railing at the top. In front of the church, a steep wooded slope descends. Behind the church are individual houses and farms.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Sant'Anna di Stazzema

    Date 08. - 12.08.1944
    Sites I Coletti, I Franchi
    Victims amount 394

    With 394 identified victims, the massacre at Sant’Anna di Stazzema between 8 and 12 August 1944 was the second most extensive massacre by ...

  • In the centre of the picture, the stone cross can be seen again, this time from the foot of the long stone staircase that leads up the slope to it.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Turchino Pass

    Date 19.05.1944
    Victims amount 59

    Following an attack by the GAP partisan brigade on Genoa’s ‘Odeon’ cinema, which was frequented exclusively by German ...

  • In the centre of this colour photo is the village of Bardine di San Terenzo, built into the slope of a hill and consisting of light-coloured houses with red-tiled roofs. Higher, partly snow-covered mountains can be seen in the background.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Valla and Bardine di San Terenzo

    Date 19.08.1944
    Victims amount 159

    After a partisan attack near Bardine, SS Gruppenführer Max Simon ordered a brutal reprisal operation. At the place of the ...

  • Behind a stone wall overgrown with grass, three two-storey houses made of the same stone stand one behind the other. Trees can be seen in the background.
    © Elena Pirazzoli

    Vallucciole

    Date 13.04.1944
    Sites Monte di Gianni, Serelli, Molino di Bucchio, Giuncheto
    Victims amount 107

    In an anti-partisan operation on Monte Falterona, soldiers of the ‘Hermann Göring’ division attacked the village of Vallucciole and murdered ...

  • The aerial view shows Vinca today: It is a small village situated on a steep hillside. To the left of the village, the slope is terraced. The mountain top above the village is rugged and rocky.
    © Udo Gümpel

    Vinca

    Date 24. - 26.08.1944
    Victims amount 162

    Between 24 and 27 August 1944, the reconnaissance battalion of the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division ...

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